Ogbona History and Culture

HISTORY OF OGBONA COMMUNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL, OGBONNA BY ALFRED IDODE AND JOHN ANAWEOKHAI

  HISTORY OF OGBONA COMMUNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL, OGBONNA BY ALFRED IDODE AND JOHN ANAWEOKHAI Ogbona Community Secondary School was one of the projects solely conceived, funded and established by Ogbona Imhakhena Federated Union. The school started out as Ogbona Community Secondary School but later the word community was dropped from its name. The school is now referred to as OGBONA SECONDARY SCHOOL, OGBONNA 4TH OGBONA IMHAKHENA FEDERATED UNION CONFERENCE 1978 At the 4th conference held at the Imhakhena Primary School, Ogbona March 25th-26th 1978, serious discussions were held on the government requirements for establishing a secondary school: – Name, Site, Number of classroom blocks and many other preliminary arrangements that would quicken government approval for secondary school. After a thorough discussion on the issue, the conference unanimously agreed that since money would be needed to achieve any stage of the project, it should be wise to think of how and where to get the funds first. Decisions arrived at were: – Imposition of a grammar school levy on all Ogbona sons/daughters home and abroad. OIFU Lagos branch was mandated to work out a tabulated, convenient and meaningful levy to get started on the project. That defaulters would be denied access to performing, Okhei, marriage and burial ceremonies at Ogbona. Set up a committee at Ogbona to sanction defaulters etc. 5TH OGBONA IMHAKHENA FEDERATED UNION CONFERENCE 1979 November 11, 1979 another conference was held at Ogbona Imhakhena primary school to ratify the proposed Grammar School levy for Home and abroad. GRAMMAR SCHOOL LEVY FOR ABROAD Was already circulated by Lagos to branches and individuals since 28th April 1978 (see enclosures) GRAMMAR SCHOOL LEVY – HOME Was fixed as follows Every taxable adult and from the age group of Ifaorumhe (Obotsemeghie Age group) down to the youngest, should pay Men         –  Nl5 Women – N10 (From same age group) since the home   people were to be involved in direct labour of the project. GRAMMAR SCHOOL FUND BOARD OF TRUSTEES A three-man board of Trustees was then approved and appointed to operate and manage the grammar school fund. Chairman – Chief V.A Omadimhe, Treasurer-Mr. P.A Obeakemhe and Secretary – Mr. P.S.  Eleta Resolutions to enable board of trustees operate an account with the Barclays Bank, Auchi, (now Union Bank) were to be drawn up by OIFU, Lagos. OIFU, Auchi reported that the SCHOOL PROJECT RECEIPTS had been printed and ready for distribution to branches nationwide. REPORT ON THE PROPOSED GRAMMAR SCHOOL Chief (Hon) M.C.K Orbih reported that the site of the proposed Grammar School had been surveyed, inspected and declared okay by the health officials while mounting pressure for an early approval. Chief V.A. Omadimhe demanded to know what happened to the second suggested site on Ogbona – Fugar Road (Abughievhaegbe). Ogbona-Fugar Road suggested site was disapproved by Health Officials. LAUNCHING AND FUND RAISING 1980: – OIFU LAGOS was mandated to fix a suitable day for launching/fund raising for 1980. A successful launching and fund raising was organized at Ogbona under the chairmanship of Chief (Hon.) M. C. K Orbih. Some of the Highlights of the fund-raising events 1980: – His Excellency Demas Akpore, Deputy   Governor   of   Bendel State promised   Govt. support and cooperation with community Chief M.C.K Orbih N1,000 Chief (Alhaji) Inu Umoru N2,500 Chief K.O Abiola N 5,000 – A chieftain of NPN (Highest Individual Donor) Admiral Mike Okhai Akhigbe’s friends N19,500 – Represented by Mrs. (DR.) J. Akhigbe (Highest group donation). Major Francis Atsegwasi N500 Chief Tom Otsu N500 A. B .C Momodu N500 John Idode N100 Gregory Enegwea N100 Bernard Orbih. 100 bags of cement and 20 bundles of zinc – Quantify in monetary term at the time N450 Chief J.A. Odalumhe supervised and superintended everything and every work done in the school. His contributions cannot be quantified in monetary terms. Many other donors /contributors who made their contributions in cash and in kind to the successful completion of the great Ogbona Community Grammar School. God bless and reward you all richly in the Name of Jesus. Amen. By: Alfred Enetomhe Idode   THE FOUNDING OF OGBONA SECONDARY SCHOOL Until 1979 all Ogbona sons and daughters must attend post primary school outside of Ogbona, all efforts to get a secondary school for the community proved abortive but as fate would have it, Chief T. A. Osigbemhe became the permanent secretary in the Ministry of Education. With Ogbona man close to the seat of power, it became easier to create a synergy and channel all the concerns through him to the appropriate authority for quick and positive response. Naturally, the onerous task of drafting a strongly worded letter, pleading Ogbona case fell within the purview of Ogbona community in Benin which was chaired by Chief Vital Anaweokhai, and they rose to the occasion and indeed wrote a petition to the ministry of education and within the shortest possible time, there was a response with the request for a 200 hectares of land that included plan for future development .Very quickly, Chief M.C.K Orbih and Chief Odalumhe leveraged their good standing in the community to talk the land owners into giving out an expanse of land that almost doubled the size of the official requirement. Eventually, the land was secured, and work commenced in earnest with a six-class room and staff room structures. True to type, Ogbona people never saw it as a government project, but an opportunity to contribute individually and collectively to the development of their community. Every adult, both male and female were levied a certain amount each. The money was levied through the age grade structure thus making it almost impossible to beat payment. All bricklayers and carpenters donated their skills pro bono daily. Each age group was tasked with the responsibility of providing menial labour, including women. It was a project that signposted the limitless height that is attainable with a clear and well- defined singleness of purpose. All the various family and Imhakhena unions in all the major cities across Nigeria were also levied

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ORE OKHIYIE (Ore Okhiyie means I HAVE COME AND I WON’T GO BACK, IMMORTALITY)

ORE OKHIYIE (Ore Okhiyie means I HAVE COME AND I WON’T GO BACK, IMMORTALITY) One mystery that has defiled logic and historical account is the totemic Ore Okhiyie tree. No one has anything concrete about the history of the tree. Its history is intertwined with that of Ogbona. In fact, from oral tradition, the tree predates the history of Imhakhena, the founder of Ogbona. Oral tradition has it that upon arrival from Fugar circa the 14th century, Imhakhena was enthralled by the magnificent tree and its dark green leaves. He could not help but sort cover under its alluring shade. There have been two theories about the tree, firstly, it’s meaning. Ore Okhiyie means I HAVE COME AND I WON’T GO BACK, IMMORTALITY. The one that will live forever. There have been several postulations about who claimed immortality between Imhakhena and the tree. Imhakhena was known to be under immense pressure from his family, especially the mother, Alokoko to return home to Fugar having been pissed up with his brothers’ indolence. Imhakhena was said to be very defiant and uncompromising. He was said to have told them point blank that he would never go back, and he never did. It is also being sponsored in some quarters that the trees earned the name of immortality because of its longevity. Either way, both of have remained immortals, physically and spiritually. The second argument centers on the plausibility of the claim of immortality. Proponents of this school of thought are of the view that the real Ore Okhiyie died a long time ago and that what is seen green on the withered trunk is a latter day leguminous tree that came up accidentally very close to the base of the real tree. The actual state of things seems to give credence to this position as Ore Okhiyie seems to be made up of two trees. Then, nobody can say with precision when the leguminous tree engulfed the real Ore Okhiyie tree. Needless to say that any attempt to deconstruct the phenomenal Ore Okhiyie is as difficult and confusing as  St Augustine’s attempt to explain the mystery of the trinity of Godhead. One clear and indisputable fact about the tree is that it is not like any other tree seen anywhere else in the world. It has no known specie of any kind. It is not Obechie, Iroko or mahogany. It is a tall tree with big trunks. Parts of the roots are visible. No Ogbona child has  to be taught about the mysteries of the tree and the special place it occupies in the history of the community. No child, however stubborn, has ever dared to climb the tree. It is at the center of the Community and important meetings and events are held under its shade. As one grows up, he comes across the tree and he’s stuck by its awe and wonder. No matter how strong will one might pretend to be, the chipping sounds of birds would soon arouse his curiosity. However, whatever one says about Oreokhiye is just an academic exercise that cannot be verified. Nonetheless, if one is not fascinated by the great tree and its dark green leaves, the eerie feeling one gets as he approaches it, breaks one’s walls of defense.

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UKPE NOKHUA (ONYE KHAKHA) BY JOHN ANAWEOKHAI AND GILBERT ODIOR

UKPE NOKHUA (ONYE KHAKHA) BY JOHN ANAWEOKHAI AND GILBERT ODIOR One distinctive, enduring and appreciable quality about Ogbona, nay Avhianwu tradition, is the recognition given to women of virtue. Such honour is never bought or influenced by whatever means but justly earned. Whoever is conferred with such honour occupies a special position in the comity of women. One of the basis upon which such honour is earned is through the performance of UKPE NOKHUA rite. As the name implies, it is rare event that is celebrated with rolled out drums. A woman who has lived very well with her husband and his family, would want to entrench herself permanently in the family. With the performance of UKPE NOKHUA rite, her position in her husband’s family becomes non-negotiable and cemented forever. She can never be forced out of the family. Nothing under the sun can chase her out of her matrimonial home. This perhaps, informs the rareness of the event and the age advancement of women who perform it. Any woman who so desires, carves a special chair with which she sits down all the time. A special stool with slight resemblance of UKPI is also carved. On the day of the event, her first son carries it on her head, thus becoming the leader of the long precession. If she is not blessed with a male child, the first daughter takes up the responsibility. A lot of efforts, time and money go into UKPE NOKHUA rite. Anything edible is cooked on that day. It is customary for one to reach out to her well-wishers not necessary to give her money but to prepare whatever they can as support for the event. No matter how well one is supported, the main meal, AKHE of Egusi soup and pounded yam must be personally prepare and presented by the rite performer. The Egusi soup is brought in big open earth pot. Well-wishers may support with any other food, the preparation and presentation of the main AKHE remains the exclusive task of the woman desirous of such honour. This refer to in the local palace as “Onye khakha”. With everything in place, the woman comes out in her native hand-woven wrapper of IGBOGANE with IDIBIE tattoos all over hand body. She also wears ASAMHA, elephant tusk on her legs. She is qualified to wear UGBAGHO, blue coral bead too. She moves majestically behind her first son with other well-wishers and all food carriers behind her in the long procession around the village. She is free to include any amount of money and present all to her husband and the entire family. UKPE NOKHUA can better be appreciated when situated in the context of OKHEI. In fact, it is the female equivalence of OKHEI with which the woman becomes an unofficial chief. List of women that have performed the ceremony in Ogbona in recent past: Omhonaya Edogamhe Omhonaya Ibrama (Aeroplane) Christiana Amina Erua Anabor Comfort Abakhue Atsegwasi Asabi Imhana Odior Angelina Nasamu Odior Theresa Uworati Anabor Martha Itsefia Orbih Alice Ibra Ogah Janet Azaigbor Alfred Enetomhe IDODE: This is a brilliant piece!!! In my opinion,there is NO BASIS to compare it to OKHE title holders, in fact it is higher than Okhe.It is equivalent to an Okhe title holder who has. performed the version of UGBO_EMA stage of Okhe title which admits holders to AVIANWU MEN’S ROLL OF HONOUR. UKPE NOKHUA title for women in Avianwu, admits them into Avianwu Women Roll Call of Honour. It is an EXCLUSIVE Club for women who have achieved in Avianwu and every Rite performer earns the title of ONYE_KHA_KHA,(Great Cook For Nation!!!)IT’S AN OFFICIAL TITLE PLEASE!!!! Both titles for men and women in Avianwu are achieved as a result of share determination and HARD Work!!! By Alfred Enetomhe IDODE.  

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How did the name “Etsako” come to be?

The Name Etsako How did the name “Etsako” come to be? The Etsako people derived their name from chiseling of teeth. The word ETSAKO mean those who chisel teeth. The tradition of the people living in this present day three Etsako local government areas of Edo North, exalt brides who when married were found to be virgins. In the past, when a man in the present day Etsako marries a girl and she is taken to bed and found to be a virgin, the husband will declare it to his family and that of the bride. Within Seven days a specialist teeth carver will be contacted to chisel the two down middle incisors of the woman’s teeth for a fee. The two teeth will be chiseled to a pointed shape which symbolizes she was a virgin when she got married. This is to identify women who were not defiled before marriage. The exercise is painful for the woman because it is done crudely. The woman endures it anyway because it carries the symbol of pride. After the carving, hot boiled yam will be placed on the gum portion of the teeth to heat it for some days so that the teeth will not have problem or decay. In some cases, the teeth change colour after some time because its foundation has been shaken and there was no proper medical treatment. The process is crude and unscientific. The carved teeth woman feels happy, because she carries a symbol that she was found to be a virgin. The man feels proud also that he was the one who made his wife a woman. Hence these people are known as the Etsako (Carved Teeth) people. This tradition has been abandoned since the 1970s. How can it be sustained? when less than ten percent of girls nowadays go to their husband’s home without their hymen. Civilization does not preach sanctity. Modernization mock girls who remain virgin even at the age of 18. Virginity is no longer celebrated, so no more carving of teeth for virgin wives but the name Etsako has come to stay. Dialects in Afemai THE LANGUAGE There are diverse dialects spoken in the six local government areas of Afemai, but the people had no central language before now. Four out of the six local government areas of the Edo North speak Etsako dialects, but there is no central Etsako language. ETSAKO LANGUAGE Etsako is one language fragmented into 15 dialects in the four local government areas of Edo North Senatorial district viz Etsako East, Etsako Central; Etsako West and Owan West. There is none of the 15 dialects that can claim to be the original because all are fragments of the main language. The Etsako language was spoken in Benin kingdom before the emigration to the present geographical area of the Etsako and Owan West local government area. Egocentrism could make some people claim that their dialect is the original Etsako language. This is not true. We have lost the knowledge of the original Etsako language as the people migrated from Benin many years ago. Harnessing all the dialects of Afemai into one basket now creates a new Afemai language that would stand the test of time. It is therefore important that all hands from Etsako, Owan and Akoko Edo people be joined together in this development of the general Afemai language: no other persons would do it better than ourselves. Etsako Language Research and Development Centre recently started the development of a central language from the dialects in the Senatorial District. The developed Etsako Language cuts across all the dialects of Afemai. You will notice this in the numeral and other books so far produced. This is to have a solid central Language for the people. There is need for it in this era as UNESCO is encouraging preservation of local languages. Why Etsako and Not Afemai Language Afemai is the North Senatorial District of Edo State. It is made up of six local governments areas viz: Etsako East Etsako West Etsako Central Akoko Edo Owan East Owan West The senatorial district of Afemai does not have common language. The name Afemai connotes “our people” and not “our language”. And since there is no common language for the people of Afemai, it is out of place to call Afemai a language. The Akoko Edo and the Owan people do not understand the Agbelos and the Yekhees. The Yekhee people do not understand the Owans and there is none that is central. Each of the clans in the Afemai District speak their different dialects, so there is none accepted as the Afemai language. The word Kukuruku is a derogatory name given to the Afemai people by the Nupe slave invaders during the slave trade era. Just as the Afemai is not a language, so also the word Kukuruku. We therefore have to pick the popular dialects or language which is Etsako, now developed as Afemai central or general language. Language Appropriate Etsako dialects spoken in the four local government areas is developed by Etsako Language Research and Development Centre for the purpose of having a central language for the Afemai people. The development of Etsako language is a synthesis and fusion of all the dialect in the six-local government of Afemai people using Yekhee as the main. The development of a new numeral, “Etsako New Numeral and Words” gave credence to this concept of a unified language. It made the counting broad and advanced that it broke the barrier that had limited the numeral prowess of our land. Some may criticize, attack or condemn the Centre for the bold step taken to reposition our mother tongue. We are not daunted by whatever attack against this patriotic idea but certainly we have left a legacy for generations to come. LikeShow more reactions Comment

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Imhakhena Leaves Ivhiarua – By Aha Idokpesi Okhaishe N’ Avhianwu

Imhakhena Leaves Ivhiarua – By Aha Idokpesi Okhaishe N’ Avhianwu Imhakhena, the son of Anwu, son of Azama, lived peacefully with the children of Arua, his nephews, at Ivhiarua settlement. Imhakhena and family settled at the present day Ivhiukasa in Ivhiarua. This accounts for why Ivhimhakhena (descendants of Imhakhena) to this day make their first stop at Ivhiukasa on arrival at Fugar for the Age-group Naming Ceremony during the puberty (manhood) initiation. Imhakhena, Mother Aleukoko and the children of Arua all shared a common settlement: Ivhiarua. At home, they ate in common. They led a life of sharing irrespective of the sizes of the extended families. For meals, Mother Aleukoko’s kitchen still remained the meeting point for all her children. Her children’s children also filled their stomachs from her kitchen. So all met here to have a stomach full of whatever was prepared to satisfy their hunger. The children of Arua and Imhakhena’s life together did not however continue indefinitely. Imhakhena had been both a hunter and a farmer. He was most of the time away from home on a hunting expedition. The vast forests bordering on his farmlands were his hunting fields. Imhakhena was notorious for his long absence from home. He was either working on his farm or atop trees lying in wait for game. He was however never left out in the sharing of meals. His share was always kept whenever he was expected. At times Imhakhena returned home when he was least expected. At other times he would fail to show up when he was most expected. There was that fateful day when Imhakhena left home in the small hours of the morning and was never at all expected back home. But he did come back to ask for his share of the baked corn (ikpeko or eko-oka) meal – his favourite food -that was reportedly prepared and eaten that day in Mother Aleukoko’s kitchen. He was told that not even a mouthful was left of it. Imhakhena was very bitter about what he termed unfair treatment meted out to him. Under his emotional outburst of anger (typical of a hungry man) he resolved to go back to his farmland where he could be alone and release surplus emotion. This was a measure very drastic in itself and very dreadful in its consequences, Imhakhena left that evening for the farm. And all was no longer the same thereafter. For several days, Imhakhena was away from home. His brothers, nephews and Mother Aleukoko were worried about him. After so many days of sojourn in the wilds, Imhakhena returned home and was received with joy. But none was half as joyful as Mother Aleukoko who was most worried about her youngest and bosom child. Imhakhena’s brothers hailed him ‘Uvie bh’ eko’ meaning ‘He who cried over baked corn (eko-oka). Though Imhakhena was home once again, his attitude towards home and all at home changed thereafter. He had begun making covert arrangements to make a home out of his farmlands. He would leave home for the farms only to return very much later than usual. His long absences from home became extraordinary and alarming. Each time he was asked for an explanation of his action, he would answer, ‘Ugbo onua (contracts to read Ugbonua) meaning ‘The farm is a long way away.’ He told them it was becoming increasingly difficult if not extremely impossible for him to be on the road with the same frequency as when his farm was near home. This continued for a long time until he left one day and never returned as he usually did. This time he took all his family with him. All his belongings he had hitherto transferred piecemeal to his farm. Imhakhena had established a settlement, a separate settlement. He was gone: away from his kinsmen and aged mother. Imhakhena had, however, not broken fraternal ties with his kinsmen. His brothers, nephews and all paid him constant visits, which he returned. They would not call him by any other name, during such meetings, but Ugbonua, teasingly. Anyone leaving home for a visit to Imhakhena would announce, “I go to see ‘Ugbonua’” The village Imhakhena established took the name Ogbona to this day. This had been a name coined from Imhakhena’s nickname: Ugbonua’. Oreokhiye is the tree that gave Imhakhena a shade and served as a warehouse for his farm and hunting implements during his farming and hunting expeditions. It was by this tree he built his farmstead, which later laid the foundations of Ogbona village. The name Oreokhiye as this monumental tree is known by to this day means ‘He who has come will not go back home (to parent Avhianwu, of course)’. The tree, Oreokhiye, is still standing to this day. It is located at the Ogbona traditional market. Mother Aleukoko Joins Imhakhena  Mother Aleukoko leaves home The lone figure directly affected by Imhakhena’s absence from home was their aged mother, Mother Aleukoko. She would rather be with Imhakhena alone than the many hundreds she was then left with. She hated to think that Imhakhena, her youngest child, was away – far away from her. She sorrowed over his absence. Her other children tried to make her see that there was no point grieving over the absence of her last born when she had them around her. She suffered in silence. Imhakhena’s separation from Mother Aleukoko was however for a short duration. As both fate and luck would have it, Imhakhena was reported ill. This was reported to Mother Aleukoko. Imhakhena’s indisposition had been a very good reason for Mother Aleukoko to leave home and join Imhakhena. She left home, as was expected, to care for her son at the latter’s farm (then a home for Imhakhena). Mother Aleukoko would not return home even when Imhakhena had been relieved of his illness. Her other children could not do otherwise but to send her belongings. Thus, Mother Aleukoko had joined her youngest child, Imhakhena, at the latter’s farm. The

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History and Culture of Ogbona – Avhianwu Clan”

HISTORY AND CULTURE OF OGBONA – AVHIANWU CLAN” CONTENTS PAGES History of Ogbona. 1 Age Grades and Age Sets Nomenclature and Their Importance in Ogbona in particular and in Avhianwu Clan in General. 11 Avhianwu Culture, Past, Present and Future. 26 HISTORY OF OGBONA INTRODUCTION: The sources of history’ arc oral tradition, archaeology and written records. ORAL TRADITION Oral Tradition consists of oral information, folklores, songs, dirges and common customary practices of a people. The common disadvantage of this method is that the oral information is usually grossly exaggerated and sometimes affected by the disposition of the teller. Before the information gets to the final stage of acceptance it has been manipulated with a lot of pluses and minuses. ARCHAEOLOGY: Archaeology is the digging into the ground for evidence of a forgotten civilization. This is somehow difficult as it may involve a huge sum of money and sometimes the excavation may result in some findings that are not worth the labour. WRITTEN HISTORY: Written history is the documented record of the most important events of the past. Emphasis is laid on the importance of the events. Here again the writer’s disposition also affects the history because he could be biased to take side and report on an event that demands objectivity. In writing the History of a place one is expected to rely on one or some of the methods in the foregoing paragraphs. Our study of the History of Ogbona cannot be an exception to the rule. We have indeed taken to the path of the least resistance, which in this case is the oral tradition. We are however pleased to resort to the work of Aha Idokpesi Okkhaishie ‘N1 Avhianwu which is very rewarding and informative. We have also referred to the papers presented by Chief T. A. Osigbemhe JP, the Okphe Ukpi of Ogbona on several occasions, on matters of much cultural value and also to Mr. P.S. Eleta’s thesis on age-groupings in Avhianwu land. MIGRATION FROM BENIN: The events that led to the migration from Benin in the later part of the 15″‘ century form the basic background in the study of our own history. It all happened in the reign of Oba Ozolua 1481 – 1504. Before that time, the ruling Oba Olua 1473 – 1478 was very much interested in peaceful adventures. His administration gave the citizens the dividends of a peaceful administration, which included good earth roads, promotion of arts and craft, abundant food supply, palace organization, and the enjoyment of fundamental human rights. Oba Olua died in 1478. There was an interregnum of only three years before a new Oba was installed. It was a phase described by Chief J.P. Egharevba, the Benin Historian, as “an experiment in a Republican Government” by which he meant “a change in the method of appointing the Paramount Chief so that in the place of a hereditary succession within a family, a choice was made by the whole body of Chiefs from among their own number”. In this period, characterized by palace intrigues, law and order had broken down and civil disobedience became the order of the day. It was in the midst of this chaos that Prince Okpame was hailed as both the deliverer and the Oba of Benin as Ozolua in 1481. He saw the situation confronting him as one that required drastic measures in order to restore peace and good governance both at home and abroad. He had to subdue the nobles who already had grown republican tendencies. He developed his armies to restore order and discipline. He also wanted to expand the frontiers of the kingdom which he inherited from his fore fathers. He conquered Ijebu Ode, Ondo and some parts of Ishan. Under him, the armies of Benin were kept in constant activity, sometimes fighting two campaigns in the course of a year. He suffered at least one major defeat but on most occasions, divisions among the opponents, the superiority of his own force and his reputation as an invincible warrior gave him the victory. In all his wars Oba Ozolua was an active leader of the Benin armies and he has been described as a “devotee of battle.” On the domestic level his reign was characterized by suppression and oppression of his subjects and nobles alike, misappropriation of funds by the ruling class and general civil unrest. His subjects were conscripted into the army. These policies made him unpopular among the nobility who did not like to continue living under a tyrant of Oba Ozolua’s calibre. The oral tradition did not spare’ him either. It was said the reigning Oba lost a Prince (name not known) and he asked his subjects to go into mourning for three years within which period, no new male child should he born. Here again, those whose wives were already pregnant were faced with insoluble and difficult problems. It was in this period of oppressive circumstances that one Azama and his family migrated from Benin, in 1485. It was a period of mass migration in Benin History. Other family units which made up the Benin kingdom and who saw that freedom had become a mirage took to their heels. They decided to leave Benin at least to escape from pains and further conscription into the army. They wanted to leave for areas beyond Benin kingdom where they could enjoy a large measure of fundamental human rights. Our next point is to know who this man Azama was. Azama must have been a notable Bini Chieftain who had a large followership. He seemed to be a well-recognized man among the ruling class, which was very much involved in palace intrigues and the experiment at republicanism, lie could be someone who disliked the policy of the ruling Oba and who would not like to be treated like a common man by the Oba who was relatively junior to him in age. Like someone who was neck deep in politics of the day and who feared that

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